Formal Report for Experiment 14 free essay sample

Experiment#14: Spectroscopy of Cobalt II Ion Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to preparation of a standard solution, quantitative dilutions, and use of a spectrometer to determine an absorption spectrum and a Beer’s law plots. In the learning object of light, we know about the structure of atoms and molecules come from learning our interaction with light. The light may be considered to have both wave nature and particle nature. A photon is the basic unit of light that demonstrates both of these properties. Which have the equation, speed of a wave to its wavelength and frequency, V= C/? ? is wavelength, V is frequency, C is speed of light c=3. 00108 m/s). Also, energy of a photon to the frequency, ? E=hv (E is energy, v is frequency, h is a constant factor h=6. 6310-34 J. S) As we can see light at night by neon light or the firework in the sky that is being released by atoms in them. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal Report for Experiment 14 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can learn about how light interacts with atoms and understand the arrangement and behavior of electrons in atoms. Structure of atoms and molecules are described in the scientific literature and based sound experimental evidence. The most compelling evidence for structure comes from spectroscopic experiments, as will be demonstrated in this paper. Spectroscopy is one of technique, which uses the interaction of energy with a sample to perform an analysis. Spectrometer produces light of a specific wavelength. Light bulbs produce white light with all colors 400-700nm. Diffraction grating splits white light into different wavelength. The slip allows only narrow bond of light, which is wavelength. Photometer detector measures intensity of light passing through the sample. Also, spectrophotometry measure the amount of light is absorbed material. Amount of light absorbed is not dependent on wavelength and use one wavelength at a time. Monochromatic light is light made of photons of only one wavelength ?. Wavelength at which greatest absorbance occurs is different for each species. When we correlate absorbance to concentration, we use wavelength maximum to give the most accurate results. We have equation to help us to find the wavelength maximum (? max). They measure the absorbance of a sample at each wavelength by using a blank to set zero first. Then they find wavelength with the highest absorbance. Beer’s Law equation: A=? bc (A is absorption, c is concentration (mole/l) or molarity of the absorbing species, b is path length of light through a sample, and ? is a constant which is found by the nature of the absorbing species). When graphing the absorption and concentration, students calculate the slope of the graph. They use standard samples to make the graph and use the graph to determine the concentration of unknown sample. Then they can find the constant ? by knowing absorption, the path length, and the concentration). Spectroscopy of Cobalt (II) ion is one of the experiments that they do in the laboratory. Preparing a standard solution, quantitative dilutions, and using a spectrometer to determine the absorption spectrum and a Beer’s la plot in the experiment did this. Indeed, in this experiment students will use the spectrometer to find absorption and concentration of five different amount Cobalt (II) solutions with different wavelength and different volume, and used this determine to concentration of the cobalt (II) solution ion in the unknown. Besides, other purpose of this experiment was to experience stoichiometric calculations. The students will learn how to calculate molarity of Co(NO3)2 will be determine from finding mass of beaker, mass of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O, and mole of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O. Material and Methods: The experimental procedure consisted of three parts: preparation of the solutions absorption spectrum, Beer’s law plot, and determination of the concentration of the cobalt (II) ion in the unknown A. the detailed experimental procedure can be found in the primary reference of experiment, Murov, S. L. Experiments in General Chemistry (Fifth Edition), Thomson Brooks/Cole: Florence, KY, 2004; pp 163-164. In the experiment Spectroscopy of Cobalt (II) ion, Cobalt (II) ion was selected because it has an absorption maximum in the visible that help us distinguish the tube with different concentration. Thus, we can easily prepared the solution but we need to be careful with cobalt (II), it is a little toxic. Moreover, the concentrations of Cobalt (II) ion that can be determine using spectroscopy technique but there are some limitations. Because of the concentration is too high and molecules in the solution might collide with each other. That is the reason why makes the result accurate less. In another examination, visible spectroscopy can be analyzed quantitatively with other cations and anions such as chromium (III), iron (III), nickel (II), Copper (II), dichromate, and permanganate, ferricyanide. Those are the absorption spectra of all colored species are unique in both extinction coefficients at any wavelength. To begin the procedure, in the preparation of the solution, we used cobalt nitrate hexahydrate to dissolve in 25ml-deionized water in a baker to prepare 50ml of 0. 150M cobalt nitrates. Cautiously, we transferred the solution into the 50ml volumetric flask. Then we rinse the beaker with deionize water and add the washing into the flask. After that, we deliver the solution with buret to six tubes with six-differences amount. For example, from tube 1 to tube 5, we deliver 1. 00ml solution for tube 1, 2. 00ml solution for tube 2, 3. 00ml solution for tube 3, 4. 00ml solution for tube 4, and 5. 00ml solution to tube 5. In addition, we repeat the same procedure by adding water to each tube. We add 5. 00ml for tube 0, 4. 00ml for 1, and 3. 00ml for tube 2, 2. 00ml for tube 3, and 1. 00ml for tube 4. Be sure, we have to check all tube have the same level 5. 0ml solution with water and mix the contents of each one. Also, we prepare one tube unknown A of cobalt nitrate. Second, we used absorption spectrum method with test tube 5 to figure out the wavelength of maximum absorption. We started the method by set the wavelength to 430nm and make sure that the transmission reads zero. Next, we inserted tube zero that is 5. 00ml of deionized water and set it down to zero absorption. Then, we can inserted tube 5 read the absorption, removed it, and repeat the above steps for all wavelength from 460nm to 610nm. Finally, we graph the absorption which is y-axis versus the wavelength is x-axis. Third, in the Beer’s law plot, we used 5 test tubes and an unknown to record all absorption and concentration values of them all. Graph the absorption that is y-axis, and the concentration of Cobalt (II) ion, which is x-axis. Results: The results of the molarity of cobalt nitrate for determining the mass of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate and the mole of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate showed in the table 1 excellently. Table1: the calculations of mass and mole of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate to determine molarity of it. Formula mass of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O| 291. 05 g/mol| Mass needed to prepare 50ml of 0. 50M Co(NO3)2| 2. 183 g| Mass of beaker + Co(N3)2. 6H2O| 65. 202g| Mass of beaker| 63. 017g| Mass of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O| 2. 185g| Moles of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O| 7. 50710-3 mol| Molarity of Co(NO3)2| 0. 1501M| Before performing the concentration of the unknown, the absorption of cobalt (II) ion must be found. The spectrum was determined, and we identify absorption profiles with proportionally lower absor ption value. After all, the spectrum selects the best wavelength for the concentration. The Beer’s law is used to determine the molarity of the cobalt (II) ion in the solution of the unknown concentration.

Free sample - Sexual Addiction. translation missing

Sexual Addiction. Sexual AddictionExecutive summary Sex addiction, commonly referred to as nymphomania in women or satyriasis in males, is a psychological condition characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts. Its causes include: exposure to phonographic materials at a young age, physical or sexual abuse, drugs such as apomorphine and dopamine replacement therapy, family traits such as alcoholism, compulsive eating and compulsive gambling. Sex addicts present with these symptoms: inability to resist the desire to engage in sexual activities, engagement in sexual behaviors to a larger extend as well as for a longer period of time than one intends, persistent as well as uncontrollable compulsion to engage in sexual activities, spending excessive amount of time in getting sex, being sexual as well as recovering from a sexual act, constant preoccupation with the desire to engage in the act, engaging in the behavior at the expense of other important activities such as academics, job and other social obligations, inability to stop the behavior despite knowledge of the social, psychological, financial, as well physical problems it is causing, limiting ones social, occupational as well as recreational activities because of the behavior, distress, restlessness, and irritability if one is unable to engage in the behavior. Diagnosis involves looking for a maladaptive behavior which causes one to develop distress or impairment. Differential diagnosis on the other hand involves looking for paraphilic as well as hypersexual behaviors that come with sexual addiction. Sex addiction treatment comprises following a 12 step therapy with the help of a therapist very well knowledgeable in the subject. Other treatment methods include Celibacy contract which involves abstinence from any sexual activity with self (masturbation) or others and Sobriety plan/ contract which involves the use of a written down plan. Drugs such as antidepressants also help solve the problem. Introduction   Sex addiction is a process addiction characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts. This paper seeks to establish the etiology of the behavior, its symptoms, diagnosis as well as its treatment. Previous researchers have not been able to separate healthy frequent sex from sexual addiction and that’s why this subject is of interest to me. Research methodology   To realize the research objectives, both primary and secondary sources of information were made use of. Primary sources of information included interviews conducted on sex therapists very well knowledgeable in the subject. Secondary sources on the other hand comprised of library research targeting books and articles touching on the subject. Websites which discuss the subject also came in handy. Main body   Sex addiction is a process addiction characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts . its a psychological condition which makes a person unable to manage his/her sexual behavior. Sexual addiction is commonly referred to as nymphomania in females and satyriasis in males (Coleman, 2003).   Sexual addiction is attributed to a number of factors. These include: Exposure to phonographic materials at a young age, physical or sexual abuse, drugs such as apomorphine and dopamine replacement therapy (Coleman, 2003. Child abuse leads to childhood trauma. This abuse can either be sexual abuse, physical abuse, or emotional abuse (Coleman, 2003. Child abuse involves: forcing a child to kiss or even hung other people, criticizing the sexual development of a child that comes with adolescence, attacking the thinking process of a child, ridiculing a child, screaming or shouting at a child, inflicting unfair punishments on the child, constantly hitting the child, depriving a child of privacy, insulting a child, forcing a child to keep secrets, forcing a child to be perfect, blaming family problems on a child, depriving a child of supervision, protection and security, and punishing a child for normal sexual curiosity (Carnes e tal, 2002).   Emotional abuse can either be the use of a child by an adult as a best friend, or emotional incest whereby children are used by their parents to satisfy sexual needs(Carnes e tal, 2002) . Some families are more predisposed to sexual addiction than others. Children who grow up in families which other addictions such as alcoholism, compulsive eating and compulsive gambling flourish are more vulnerable to sexual addiction. Other family characteristics which predispose children to the behavior are: rigid, closed, secretive, detached, chaotic, intrusive, confusing as well as enmeshed families (Carnes e tal, 2002).   Symptoms of sex addiction include but not limited to: inability to resist the desire to engage in sexual activities, engagement in sexual behaviors to a larger extend as well as for a longer period of time than one intends, persistent as well as uncontrollable compulsion to engage in sexual activities, spending excessive amount of time in getting sex, being sexual as well as recovering from a sexual act, constant preoccupation with the desire to engage in the act, engaging in the behavior at the expense of other important activities such as academics, job and other social obligations, inability to stop the behavior despite knowledge of the social, psychological, financial, as well physical problems it is causing, limiting ones social, occupational as well as recreational activities because of the behavior, and distress, restlessness, irritability if one is unable to engage in the behavior (Francoeur, 1994) .   Victims of the condition also present these behaviors: a strong feeling of blood repletion as well as size enlarging in the genitals, high sensitivity in the genitals, pain down the stomach while urinating, occasional fever, powerful multiorgasms during sex especially in women, urinary bladder overfill, premature orgasms which occur at the stimulation of the genitals and other erogenous zones, compulsive sex stimulation, multiple affairs, multiple one night stands, persistent and uncontrollable desire to use pornography, unsafe sex practice, cybersex, prostitution, exhibitionism, obsessive dating especially using personal ads, voyeurism ( the habit of watching others in a sexual way), sexual molestation, excessive masturbation, failure to get satisfaction from the act, intrusive sex which involves touching others without their consent, having sex with animals, pedophilia which involves having sex with children, watching child pornography, engaging in sadistic or masochistic sex, and uncontrollable urge to engage in sex when stressed (Francoeur, 1994).   There are certain core believes or cognitive distortions which are associated with victims of this condition and therefore are symptoms of the disease (Francoeur, 1994). These include: the belief that one is worthless, the belief that one cannot be loved in their condition, the belief that one’s needs cannot be met when one depends on others, and the belief that sex is one’s most important need (Francoeur, 1994).   A clinically relevant criteria for diagnosing the condition has been developed. This criteria involves looking for a maladaptive behavior which causes one to develop distress or impairment (Kingston, 2008). This maladaptive behavior can be manifested by: intolerance which is characterized by increased level or intensity of the behavior in order to attain the desired effect, diminished effect accompanied by continued engagement in the act at the same level/ degree (Kingston, 2008). Distress is also manifested through psychological withdrawal syndrome as well as psychologically described changes when one withdraws form the behavior, engaging in the behavior again in order to relieve or escape the withdrawal syndrome. Clinical criteria also involves looking at the symptoms of the behavior already discussed (Kingston, 2008).   Sexual addiction diagnosis can also be differential. Differential diagnosis involves looking for paraphilic as well as hypersexual behaviors that come with sexual addiction (Rowan, 2006). Paraphilic and hyper sexuality are symptoms of a brain lesion which is a side effect of medication or even endocrine abnormality. Differential diagnosis relies on additional symptoms which characterize the causes of the behavior (Rowan, 2006). This diagnosis involves an inspection done to the genitals. This inspection is prompted by regression from a normal sexual behavior, excessive aggression, auras as well as seizure attacks before or during sexual behavior, abnormal body habitus and soft neurological symptoms (Rowan, 2006).   Sex addiction comes with an heavy price. One is greatly predisposed to sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, hepatitis C, etc (Rowan, 2006). Addiction to sex has seen many people loose their jobs due to the habit of using colleagues as subjects and frequent absenteeism from work (Rowan, 2006). One also suffers financial loses as a result of spending huge amounts of money in hiring prostitutes (Rowan, 2006). An addict will always find himself on the wrong side of the law as a result of engaging in lewd behavior and hiring prostitutes. Addicts also become emotionally depressed and become preoccupied with irrational thoughts such as those of wanting to commit suicide (Rowan, 2006).   Sex addiction treatment comprises following a 12 step group attendance, individual as well as group therapy with the help of a therapist who is very well versed in the subject of sex addiction treatment (Brown, 2002). Sexaholics anonymous is an example of a group therapy for addressing sex addiction. It comprises of a fellowship of men and women who come together to share their experiences (Brown, 2002). This gives them the strength and hope necessary to defeat the addiction. The only qualification one should have to join the group is simply a desire to stop lusting and become sexually sober. Other groups which use the twelve step therapy are sex addicts anonymous, sexual compulses anonymous, and sex and love addicts anonymous. The treatment program also carries out sex addiction education(Brown, 2002). There are several books by famous authors such as Dr. Patrick Carnes which provide such education. Websites addressing the issue are also available. Such websites pair sex educati on with others such as alcohol addiction education, and education for the addiction of many other drugs (Brown, 2002). Sex therapy as a treatment method is based on the belief that emotional and physical intimacies are desirable goals. Individuals in the therapy program discuss sexual as well as relationship issues with the assistance of a specialist who is very well knowledgeable in this area (Brown, 2002).   Celibacy contract as a treatment method involves abstinence from any sexual activity with self (masturbation) or others, any pornography, as well as cybersex . This abstinence allows the fear, anxiety, pain and shame that one was trying to escape to surface. The addict through this abstinence gets to know his/her ability to survive without sex. This abstinence period is normally between 30-90 days (Shelley, 1991).   Sobriety plan/ contract is a treatment method that involves the use of a written down plan. This plan is written down by the addict in collaboration with a therapist as well as a sponsor. The plan contains the behaviors which the addict seeks to quit as this helps to define sobriety (Shelley, 1991). This plan requires the addict to do the following: pray daily, destroy all forms of porn, install a filter in the computer which would block porn material, read recovery books, work the twelve steps, work with a therapist on daily basis, and keep a record of progress in a journal daily (Shelley, 1991). Conclusion   This paper has discussed the causes of sexual addiction which have included : exposure to phonographic materials at a young age, physical or sexual abuse, drugs such as apomorphine and dopamine replacement therapy, family traits such as alcoholism, compulsive eating and compulsive gambling. Symptoms of the behavior have also been discussed. These have included: inability to resist the desire to engage in sexual activities, engagement in sexual behaviors to a larger extend as well as for a longer period of time than one intends, persistent as well as uncontrollable compulsion to engage in sexual activities, spending excessive amount of time in getting sex, being sexual as well as recovering from a sexual act, constant preoccupation with the desire to engage in the act, engaging in the behavior at the expense of other important activities such as academics, job and other social obligations, inability to stop the behavior despite knowledge of the social, psychological, financial, as well physical problems it is causing, limiting ones social, occupational as well as recreational activities because of the behavior, distress, restlessness, and irritability if one is unable to engage in the behavior. Diagnosis involves looking for a maladaptive behavior which causes one to develop distress or impairment. Differential diagnosis on the other hand involves looking for paraphilic as well as hypersexual behaviors that come with sexual addiction. Treatment has involved the use of a 12 step therapy process, celibacy contract, sobriety contract and antidepressants. References Brown, S (2002). The Handbook of Addiction Treatment for Women. London: Jossey-Bass Carnes, P., Adams, K. M. (2002). Clinical management of sex addiction. London: Psychology Press. Coleman, E. (2003). "Compulsive sexual behavior: What to call it, how to treat it?". SIECUS Report. London: Oxford University Press. Francoeur, R. (1994). Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in human sexuality. London: Pushkin Pub. Group. Kingston, D. (2008). "Problematic hyper sexuality: A review of conceptualization and diagnosis". Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity. New York: Routledge Rowan, E. (2006). Understanding Child Sexual Abuse. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi Shelley, E. (1991). Sex and Love: Addiction, Treatment and Recovery. London: Praeger

Shaping An Individual As A Person And as A Learner Essay

Shaping An Individual As A Person And as A Learner - Essay Example You teach, you should be more goal focused, and you cannot be a good teacher with a bad plan, and it does not mean that having a good plan makes you a good teacher definitely† (Wiggins, 2013). In every sense, curriculum design and implementation shapes an individual as a person and learns. It is evident that curriculum designs can have the profound influence on the lives of students and learners. It may also affect the approach that students have towards life and how they approach life in general. Basically, proper curriculum designs and their effective implementation will positively impact the lives of student and learners. This being the case, the vice versa is true. When I was a kid, I had an experience unlike any of my classmates then. When I was in lower primary school, Most of the mates with whom I was schooling liked reading a lot. It was hard for me to be found studying on my own; much of the things I was interested in related to science, especially physical science. I loved science so much that my dream was always to be a scientist. I liked the practical bits of almost all lessons, including the Physical Education lessons. I never was interested in history and such lessons which demanded that I spend much time reading. This was due to the fact that my teacher used science as an approach to almost all subjects, thus I increasingly disliked non science based subjects. This was advantageous to me since I loved the scientific approach, but was a headache to most of my mates who did not have science related careers as their aspirations. This was in a way not addressing the general students whose likeliness of doing the sciences was low. â€Å"Jesuit’s curriculum  is structured to develop disciplined habits, to stimulate critical thinking, and to develop the skills necessary for the expression of that thinking. The school strives to instill five characteristics in its students. The goal is to educate our young men to be open to growth, intellectually competent.